"The Littoriali della cultura e dell'arte were annual national competitions created in Italy by the fascist regime, in which students registered with the GUF, acronym for Fascist University Groups, an organization created in 1927 reporting directly to the secretary of the National Fascist Party, for the conquest of the title of lictor. The first littoriali organized were those of the sports (from 1933), in which athletes from different universities competed in different sporting disciplines; the littoriales of culture and art took place for the first time in Florence in 1934 and included competitions of a cultural and artistic on varied subjects, with writings or elaborate themes presented and discussed orally; the littoriali del lavoro, created in 1936, were practical and theoretical competitions on technical and professional knowledge and on the history of fascism, reserved for members of the GIL or the PNF and their respective unions."