During his training, he earned several distinctions: the Société des Amis des Arts prize (1923), the Ponthus-Cinier prize (1923), and, in 1925, the first painting prize upon graduation. After his studies, he continued his education at the Louvre Museum, where he studied great classical masters such as Véronèse, Rembrandt, and Velázquez.
In the 1920s, Chartres exhibited at prestigious salons and galleries, including the Salon d'Automne in Paris and the Salon des Indépendants. In 1931, he joined the group Les Nouveaux, founded by his friend Marc Aynard. Alongside artists like Pelloux, Vieilly, Couty, and Ballanche, he exhibited in Paris at renowned venues such as the Galerie Speranza, the Salons d'Automne, des Indépendants, des Tuileries, and du Sud-Est. In addition to his artistic career, Antoine Chartres became a professor at the Beaux-Arts in Paris.